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Water downstream from factory farms harbours an invisible threat to people's health which could eclipse the COVID-19 crisis. The threat? Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) which are driving antimicrobial resistance the world's superbug crisis - projected to kill up to 10 million people annually by 2050. This publication reports the presence of ARGs in animal waste discharged from industrial farms into public waterways or onto soil (or crops) in four countries. Gauge community impact and sentiment regarding the issue was also highlighted. The water and sediment from public water courses connected to effluent discharges from 6-10 pig farms were tested in each of four countries (Canada, Spain, Thailand and the USA).
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The upheaval wrought on the U.S. beef industry by the global COVID-19 pandemic carried with it several lessons that might help improve resiliency should there be a reoccurrence. First, the futures market for fed cattle fell well before cash prices, which sent a signal to market cattle early, and those who did so benefited. Second, the decline in futures anticipated the closure of slaughter plants and provided an opportunity to purchase and store beef primals in anticipation of future scarcity. Third, the beef industry has ways of slowing or stopping the pipeline of animals destined for feed yards and can "store" these animals in background feeding facilities or on pasture or rangeland. Producers who waited to sell feeder cattle benefited from higher feeder cattle prices once the processing facilities reopened. Fourth, cow slaughter plants responded to the pandemic and subsequent scarcity of labor much better than large fed-cattle plants. Cow plants are not as sophisticated and complex as fed-cattle plants. This relative simplicity may help explain the superior performance of these plants during the crisis. Sixth, the academic work on the value of building smaller plants as a response against concentration provides mixed results-these plants require more labor per animal and can be even more susceptible to labor scarcity. Seventh, the observed increase in boxed beef prices, even as fed cattle prices fell, demonstrates the risk-mitigating impact of producer ownership of downstream activities in the value chain.
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Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a newly discovered enteric coronavirus, is the etiological agent that causes severe clinical diarrhea and intestinal pathological damage in piglets. In this study, Vero E6 and IPI-2I cells were pretreated with different concentrations of glycyrrhizin (GLY) for 2 hours, and then infected with different concentrations of SADSCoV, aiming to investigate the inhibitory effect of GLY on SADS-CoV. Western blot and TCID50 results revealed a significantly decreased N protein expression and viral titer, indicating that GLY can inhibit the infection of SADS-CoV. Vero E6 and IPI-2I cells were pretreated with different concentrations of GLY for 2 hours and infected with SADS-CoV. Western blot results showed that when the concentration of GLY was 0.8 mmol/L, the expression of N protein decreased significantly, indicating that GLY inhibited the invasion of the virus. At first, cells were treated with 0.4 mmol/L GLY, and cell samples were collected at 2 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours after being infected with SADS-CoV for analysis, and the expression of N protein were found to be significantly reduced at all points, indicating that GLY had a significant inhibitory effect on the replication of the virus. GLY is a competitive inhibitor of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and the receptors of HMGB1 mainly include TLR4 and RAGE. Based on this fact, the mutant plasmid at the key sites of HMGB1 (C45S, C106S, C45/106S) and the siRNA of the RAGE receptor were transfected to Vero E6 cells and infected with SADS-CoV, and the cell supernatant and samples were harvested. The western blot and TCID50 results showed that the expression of N protein and the virus titer were decreased, suggesting that GLY exerts its function by affecting the binding of HMGB1/TLR4/RAGE during SADS-CoV infection. To further explore the signaling pathway through which GLY functions, Vero E6 and IPI-2I cells were inoculated with SADS-CoV, and cell samples were harvested, western blot was used to detect the changes of MAPK proteins. The results showed that the protein expression levels of p-p38, p-JNK and p-ERK were up-regulated in the early and late stages, indicating that the MAPK pathway was activated by SADS-CoV infection. Vero E6 and IPI-2I were pretreated with different concentrations of GLY and TLR4 inhibitor TAK for 2 hours and infected with SADS-CoV. Protein samples were harvested and analysed by western blot which showed a decreased p-JNK and N proteins, while other proteins showed no significant changes. These results indicated that GLY and TAK regulated the phosphorylation of JNK but did not regulate the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK. Also, Vero E6 cells were treated with HMGB1 antibody, the siRNA of HMGB1 and HMGB1 mutants plasmid, and infected with SADS-CoV. Protein samples were harvested, western blot results showed that phosphorylation of JNK decreased, indicating that HMGB1 affected JNK phosphorylation. Finally, Vero E6 and IPI-2I cells were pretreated with different concentrations of JNK inhibitor SP600125 to infect SADS-CoV, western blot, TCID50 and IFA results showed that the expression of N protein and virus titer, as well as virus replication were reduced, indicating that SP600125 inhibited virus replication. In conclusion, our results revealed that GLY can inhibit in vitro replication of SADS- CoV, mainly through the HMGB1/TLR4/JNK signaling pathway. The discovery of this pathway provides theoretical support for the research of novel anti-SADS-CoV drugs.
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[Objective] Using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) technology, the present experiment aimed to study the interaction relationship and localization of the target peptide and the complementary peptide based on the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) S protein receptor binding site peptide in living cells, so as to provide the foundation and theoretical support for the further use of the peptide in the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. [Method] The target peptide was designed according to the physical and chemical characteristics of the target protein, such as the amino acid composition, the type of charge, the ability to form intennolecular hydrogen bonds, the strength of polarity, and hydrophobicity;According to the amino acid composition of the target protein, a complementary peptide that interacted with it in theory was designed, and the target peptide and complementary peptide were predicted and analyzed by using bioinfonnatics tools;The target peptide and complementary peptide were inserted into the pBiFC-VC155 and pBiFC-VN173 vector, which was double digested by the EcoRI/XhoI and NotI/SalI, respectively, verified by enzyme digestion and sequencing, and then transfected into Vero cells to study the interaction between the target peptide and the complementary peptide, and the precise localization of BiFC complex in cells. [Result] Bioinfonnatics analysis showed that the target peptide and complementary peptide had hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, respectively, and the hydrophilic domains were both positively and negatively charged, which could generate electrostatic attraction. The results of enzyme digestion and sequencing showed that the pBiFC-VC155-target peptide and pBiFC-VNI73-complementary peptide plasmids were successfully constructed;Cell transfection experiments showed that the target peptide and complementary peptide could form BiFC complexes in Vcro cells after co-transfection of recombinant plasmids, indicating that they could interact with each other;Indirect immuttolluorescence assay confirmed that the BiFC complex was mainly distributed in the nucleus. [Conclusion] It was confirmed that the peptide designed based on the PEW/ S protein receptor binding site can interact with each other in living cells, demonstrating the feasibility of the peptide for detection.
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Objective: A Taq Man probe-based duplex real-time PCR for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus(TGEV) was developed. A study was conducted using the methodology to analyze the related 2019-2021 epidemic occurred in Fujian. Method: Specific primers and probes labeled with FAM and VIC were designed to amplify the N gene of PEDV and the S gene of TGEV, respectively. A reaction system for the assay was established, optimized, and tested for sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability. The assay was used for the viral detection on297 suspected clinic specimens collected from 2019 to 2021 for an epidemiology study. Result: The newly developed duplex qPCR methodology showed a sensitivity of 10 copies.L-1 on PEDV and TGEV, which was 100 times higher than that of regular PCR. There were no cross reactions with other common viruses. The inter-and intra-assays had variations on Ct values below 1%. On the 297 specimens, the infection rate of PEDV was 88.89%, that of TGEV 1.01%, and that of both PEDV and TGEV 3.37%. Conclusion: The established duplex qPCR had high sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and reproducibility for detecting PEDV and TGEV. The 2019-2021 epidemic involving the viruses appeared to be mostly PEDV with low incidents of mixed TGEV and PEDV/TGEV infection.
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Cattle is one of the main items in the Brazilian productive guideline and an important export product. During the covid-19 pandemic, the price of beef occupied a prominent position in agricultural sector analyzes due to the prices increases. The objective of this research is to observe the national production behavior, exports, and domestic supply. Therefore, a domestic supply forecast was made for January 2021 to December 2022 (24 months). Based on the results obtained, it was found that the beefs supply available to the Brazilian market will not present an expressive upward behavior that compensates the evolution in beef export to international markets. Thus, a shift in the price of beef in the domestic market to higher levels may be observed.
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Purpose: To investigate the epidemic variation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in Sichuan Province, and to analyze the causes of poor vaccination effect. Methods: Piglet intestinal samples were collected from a pig farm in Sichuan Province for PCR detection, virus purification, determination of virus titer and virus infection experiments. Whole genome sequencing of isolated strains was determined. The S gene sequence of the isolated strain was compared with the strains from other regions and vaccine strains, and the phylogenetic tree was established. The amino acid site variation of S protein between the isolated strain and the classical vaccine strain CV777 was compared. Results: A PEDV strain was successfully isolated and named as PEDV SNJ-P. The determination of virus titer was 1..107.5/100 L. Animal infection experiments showed that the isolated strain could cause diarrhea, dehydration and other symptoms and lead to death in piglets. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the whole gene of PEDV SNJ-P strain was 28003 bp, and the genotype of the strain was S non-INDEL type. The strains were closely related to the strains of PEDV-WS, CH/JLDH/2016 and CH/HNLH/2015 isolated from China, and were relatively distant with the same type vaccine strain, and were far from the classical vaccine strain. Compared with the classical vaccine strain CV777, the S protein of SNJ-P strain had multiple amino acid mutations, deletions and insertions. Conclusion: Due to the continuous variation of strains, SNJ-P strain is far from the vaccine strain, and the current vaccines cannot provide effective protection. The results of this study are expected to provide reference for the study of PEDV strains and vaccine development in China.
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The purpose of this experiment was to increase poultry meat production by increasing the number of chickens reared in the same area and managing it by using medicinal herbs Salvia officinalis L and Lavandula angustifolia L. in the broiler chicken diet. 705 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into to7 treatments with three replicates for an area of two m2 floor system in each replicate for each treatment, during 35 days of the study. T0 negative control 75 chicks, 25 chicks for each replicate 12-13 chicks per m2 fed standard diet. T1 positive control (stocking density without supplementation)105 chicks, 35 each replicate chicks 17-18 per m2 fed standard diet. The same stocking density for T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 have been given standard feed with supplemented herbals, salvia 0.7%, 0.9%, lavender0.7%, 0.9%, and mixed 0.7% respectively. Depending on the results, chickens reared in stress stocking density with supplementations led to higher improvement of body weight, meat production, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio(FCR g feed/g weight), production index PI, carcass weight (g) and dressing percentage, RBCs 106cells/mm3, lymphocyte%, of increasing activity of thyroid hormones T3, T4 (nmol/L) boost antibody titers of ND and IBV when compared with positive control. However, heterophil%, stress indicator H/L ratio, glucose mg/ dL and cholesterol mg/ dL significantly reduced. The results showed that adding sage and lavender plants to broiler feed is effective in improving productivity, immunity, and resistance characteristics in reducing the adverse effects of stress caused by increasing the intensity of broiler rearing in the same area.
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This report describes the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the productive and economic aspects of livestock and aquaculture production in Italy, including farm management, labour, income, marketing and consumption of animal products (meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products), consumer behaviour, food safety, agrotourism and disease control.
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This study aimed to explore the protective mechanism of baicalein against porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection. The targets of baicalein were obtained through Pharmamapper, Pubchem, STITCH, TCMSP and Swiss Targer Prediction databases, and the targets of PDCoV infection were obtained according to the proteomics data from our previous study. The targets of baicalein-PDCoV interaction were obtained and analyzed by STRING database and Cytoscape 3.8.2 software to construct a network diagram of "baicalein-PDCoV-targets". The CytoNCA was used to analyze network topology and core network construction. Metascape database was used for GO and KEGG analysis of core network genes. The expression levels of genes in the predicted signaling pathways were detected in vitro. A total of 268 potential targets of baicalein were screened out. There were 75 potential targets of baicalein-PDCoV infection. GO enrichment results showed that baicalein was mainly involved in the formations of membrane raft, spindle and mitochondrial membrane, cell cycle and MAPK signaling pathways. A total of 277 signaling pathways (P < 0.01) were screened out by KEGG enrichment. The PI3K-Akt, Ras and MAPK signaling pathways were the main pathways that involved in the protective effects of baicalein against PDCoV infection. The results showed that compared with the cellular control groups, the mRNA expressions of PI3K, AKT and NF-B significantly increased in the PDCoV infection group. Compared with the PDCoV group, treatment of baicalein significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of PI3K, AKT and NF-B (P < 0.05). The effect of baicalein on PDCoV infection has the characteristics of multi-targets and multi-pathways, through the intervention of AKT1, HSP90AA1, SRC, EGFR, CASP3, MAPK, STAT3 and other core genes in regulating PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis, and virus infection. These results suggested that baicalein could be a potential therapeutic drug against PDCoV infection for further study.
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Research showed that reducing the protein level in the compound feed for gestating sows can have a positive effect on piglet growth. Sows fed with a lower protein content had more energy to produce milk, resulting in heavier piglets at weaning. Reducing protein intake did not negatively affect birth weight or the number of live-born piglets. The results suggest that the sows' daily need for crude protein may be even lower than the level investigated in the study. The findings are particularly relevant in light of the global shortage of organic soyabean meal and other protein sources due to the COVID-19 crisis.
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From 2017 to 2020, 1 078 piglet diarrhea samples were collected from 6 pig farms in different districts of Shanghai. Multiple RT-PCR method was used for detection and analysis to study the infection status of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in swinery in Shanghai. The results showed that the overall detection rate of BVDV in swinery in Shanghai was 7.14% (77/1 078), and showed an increasing trend year by year. The mixed infection rate of BVDV and other diarrhea pathogens was high, with the highest dual infection rate (65%, 26/40), mainly BVDV/PASTV (61.54%, 16/26). On this basis, the triple infection rate was 25% (10/40), mainly BVDV/PAStV/PKoV (40%, 4/10) infection mode;The quadruple infection rate was 10% (4/40), which was dominated by BVDV/PAStV/PEDV/PSV (50%, 2/4) infection. The BVDV prevalence in swinery was seasonal, and the prevalence in spring (10.36%) and autumn (13.59%) was higher than that in summer (6.8%) and winter (2.66%). The positive rate of BVDV in different pig farms was significantly different by 0-24.07%. In view of the detection rate of diarrhea virus dominated by PEDV in pig farm 2 had been high in recent years, this study further monitored the infection of BVDV in this pig farm, and found that the detection rate of BVDV in this pig farm was increasing year by year from 2017 to 2019, with the highest detection rate in 2019 (8.61%, 42/488);The mixed infection of BVDV and other diarrhea pathogens was also serious, with the dual infection rate of 57.58% (19/32), triple infection rate of 21.21% (7/32), quadruple infection rate of 21.21% (7/32), respectively. This study enriched the epidemic data of BVDV in swinery in Shanghai, and could provide reference for the prevention and control of pig epidemics.
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While the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government responses have had a substantial impact on consumers and meat supply chains worldwide, the effect on beef and sheep farming has been surprisingly small, short-lived and largely offset by other global influences. However, the impact has also varied greatly between countries and regions, largely due to differences in Government measures and in industry circumstances and influences. This study aims to provide insights into the pandemic's impacts throughout global beef and sheep supply chains, but with a focus on the farm level, particularly producer prices in 2020. At the centre of the study is an analysis of online questionnaire-based survey responses to the Global agri benchmark Beef and Sheep Network. The study also utilizes a variety of other studies and information sources to explore other potential factors that could have also driven beef and sheep sectors worldwide in 2020. It explores how these influences interacted with the effect of the pandemic. Food service sales were highly impacted by the pandemic, meat processing was temporarily disrupted in North America but global livestock prices remained high due, in large part, to the continuation of strong beef and sheep meat demand and imports in China.
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Objective: To elucidate the mechanism of interferon gene stimulating factor (STING) in the anti-pathogenic microbial infection of pigs, so as to further provide a reference for the scientific prevention and control of viral diseases such as porcine transmissible gastroenteritis, epidemic diarrhea and porcine pseudorabies. Method: High-scored targets were found in exons 4 and 8 of STING gene and corresponding sgRNA sequences were designed based on CRISPR/ Cas9 technology. The annealed sgRNAs were linked with the enzyme digested LentiCRISPRV2 carrier with T4 DNA ligase to obtain LentiCRISPRV2-STING-sgRNA lentivirus carrier(STING-sgRNA);Different combinations of STING sgRNA lentivirus carriers, packaging plasmid psPAX2 and envelope plasmid pMD2.G were transfected into 293T cells to obtain lentivirus containing sgRNA and then transduced into 3D4/21 cells. Monoclonal cell lines were obtained by puromycin screening and limited dilution method. The knockout efficiencies of the STING gene were identified by PCR amplification, Sequencing and Western blotting;The effect of STING gene knockout on the expression of type I interferon was verified by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Result: When 293T cells were transfected with different combinations of STING-sgRNA lentivirus carrier and HA-STING over expression vector, the editing effect of STING eukaryotic expression carrier could be detected in cells, and the combination of STING-sgRNA(1+5)lentivirus carrier showed the supreme editing efficiency. Thus, the STING-sgRNA(1+5)lentivirus carrier combined with the packaging plasmid psPAX2 and the envelope plasmid pMD2.G were transfected 293T cells to package lentivirus, and then infected 3D4/21 cells with lentivirus. The results showed that a 3D4/21 cell line with a large deletion of the STING gene(4989 bp)was obtained. The STING protein was not observed by Western blotting, indicating that the STING gene knockout 3D4/21 cells(3D4/ 21-STING-/-)were successfully constructed. The transcription level of IFN-beta in 3D4/21-STING-/- cells decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared with parental cells when stimulated by transfection of Haemophilusparasuis DNA. Conclusion : By applying CRISPR/Cas9 technology, STING gene is successfully knock out in 3D4/21 cells, resulting in loss of function of STING gene;STING knockout leads to the transcription disorder of type I interferon when cells are stimulated by DNA, which also suggests that STING gene may be a key factor in the anti-pathogenic microbial infection of pigs.
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Earthquake is the vibrations on the earth's surface due to the sudden release of energy from the earthquake center in the earth. The released energy propagates through the ground in the form of vibrations. It is a natural ground movement caused by a variety of phenomena, including tectonic processes, volcanism, and explosions, as well as collapse. An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 on the Richter Scale that rocked the Central Sulawesi region caused the tsunami that hit the Talise Beach and the liquefaction in Petobo and Balaroa of Palu City, as well as the liquefaction in Sibalaya of Sigi Regency. After the disaster, the Sigi area, especially Bulubete Village, was the subject of flash floods due to the changes in waterways which should pass into the residential area instead through the river. This study aimed to determine the Development of Beef Cattle Breeding Business at the Public Animal Husbandry School (SPR) in Sigi Regency during the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction. This research was conducted from March to May 2022. The location of this research was determined based on purposively. This research was conducted in Bulubete Village of Sigi Regency. Population method was used in determining the number of samples which was also used as the sample of 36 breeders. The result obtained in this study was that natural disasters and the spread of covid-19 greatly affected the development of the cattle business at Anutapura SPR of Bulubete Village of South Dolo District of Sigi Regency. The population and demand at Anutapura SPR experienced a sales trend after the disaster and the covid-19 pandemic. In this case, the cattle population increased before the natural disaster and decreased after the natural disaster coupled with the covid-19 pandemic which affected the demand for beef.
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Object: To explore genetic evolution relationship of variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)and antigenic differential sites among variant strain subtypes,so as to lay a foundation for the development of novel vaccines and diagnostic kits. Method: Three PEDV-positive porcine intestinal samples were inoculated on to confluent Vero cells to isolate PEDV. Virus identification was performed by indirect fluorescence assay(IFA), Western blotting,RT-PCR and whole genome sequencing and electron microscopic observation;virus titer was determined by TCID50and the in vitvo proliferation dynamin curve of the virus was drawn. The genome of the isolated strain was divided into 33 segments for RT-PCR amplification, and the SeqMan of Lasergene was used to splice sequences. Then the genetic evolution analysis was performed with MEGA 7.0, and the antigenicity analysis was performed with Jameson-Wolf algorithm in Protean. Result: Typical cytopathic effect appeared in one PEDV-positive porcine intestinal sample in Vero cells when it was blindly passaged to the 6thgeneration and the sample was designated as CH-HK-2021. IFA and Western blotting results showed that the strain CH-HK-2021 could react with PEDV N monoclonal antibody and expected reads were obtained through RT-PCR amplification, which demonstrated this virus was PEDV. Diameter of strain CH-HK-2021 was 80-120 nm and the surface of the virus particles were in spike-like shape, indicating it was coronavirus. The strain could be stably propagated in Vero cells, and it has been passaged to 100thgeneration. After 24 h of infecting the Vero cells, virus titer of strain CH-HK-2021 reached the highest,105.6TCID50/mL. The size whole genome of strain CH-HK-2021 not including poly(A)tail was 28034 bp, with a similarity of 96.0%-98.9% with nucleotide sequence of the PEDV reference strain and a similarity of 93.1%-99.0% with S-base nucleotide sequence of the reference strain. The strain had the highest similarity with nucleotide sequence of variant strain CH/JX/01(KX058031)and the lowest similarity with nucleotide sequence of classical strain AVCT12(LC053455). Strain CH-HK-2021 was a subtype of G2a and it is spreading in China. Strain G2a and variant strain G2b had 42 nucleotide differential sites in S gene and 6 antigenic differential sites;and main differential sites located in subunit S2.
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The clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of outbreaks of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Bovine coronavirus causing respiratory disease outbreaks in beef cattle in Norway in January-February 2011 are described.
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To develop a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR method for rapid, accurate, sensitive and quantitative detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), according to the highly conserved nucleotide sequence of S gene reported by GenBank, a pair of PEDV S gene specific primers were designed, and a fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR detection method using SYBR Green I as the dye was established. The clinical samples suspected of PEDV infection were tested and compared with the results of ordinary RT-PCR. The results showed that the established standard curve of the SYBR Green I fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method had a good linear relationship. The linear correlation coefficient R2=1, its amplification efficiency E=2.03, and the melting curve was a sharp single peak. The amplification of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine parvovirus, classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine rotavirus was negative and had strong specificity. The lowest detection concentration of 1 x 101 copies/L was 100 times more sensitive than that of the ordinary RT-PCR method. The coefficient of variation of intra- and inter-assay repeatability test were both less than 2%, with good repeatability and stability. Comparing the test results of 36 clinical samples, the total coincidence rate with ordinary RT-PCR was 88.89%. The results show that the established real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR detection method has strong specificity, good reproducibility, and high sensitivity, which is of great significance for the rapid and quantitative detection of PEDV.
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The successful experiment in large-scale commercial conditions is described with new vaccination program for broiler parental flock involving vaccination at 130 days of age (at the transfer of pullets to poultry houses for adult broiler breeders) with 4-valent vaccine PROVAC 4 against chicken infectious bronchitis, Newcastle and Gumboro diseases, and reoviral infection, together with additional vaccination against rhinotracheitis. Control treatment was vaccinated according to a standard scheme previously used in the farm, with separate vaccines against the aforementioned diseases;certain vaccines contained several antigens of a single disease. It was found that productive performance in the parental flocks and in broilers from these flocks was similar and consistently high with both vaccination schemes;the antibody titers at different ages of parental flocks were also similar. However, the cost of the experimental vaccination scheme was lower by 16% as compared to the standard one;on 4 batches of parental flock (120,000 hens each) it saved over 1 mio. rubles to the farm. The conclusion was made that vaccine PROVAC 4 can provide prolonged and effective protection of broiler parental flock and its progeny against viral diseases at low financial expenses.
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Preliminary screening and identification of the host proteins interacting with the nucleocapsid(N)protein of the porcine deltacoronavirus(DCoV). Co-immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry were used to screen out the host proteins interacting with the N protein of the porcine DCoV. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out, and then co-immunoprecipitation was used for identification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitation products revealed different protein bands around 40 kDa and 100 kDa. Sixty-eight host proteins interacting with the N protein of the porcine DCoV were screened by mass spectrometry. Two candidate interacting proteins(ANXA2 and TUBB2 B)were selected by analyses using the Gene Ontology, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. After co-immunoprecipitation verification, the N protein of the porcine DCoV was found to interact with TUBB2 B. Our study provides a new direction for further exploration of the role of the N protein of the porcine DCoV in infection.